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The long-standing U.S.-Egyptian military relationship is being tested as China seeks to expand its defense presence across the Middle East, particularly in North Africa.
In July, the United States authorized the sale of a major arms package to Egypt, including advanced NASAMS air defense systems worth $4.67 billion. However, just as this deal was announced, China emerged as an alternative supplier for Egypt’s military needs, offering its own advanced weaponry.
This intensifying rivalry between the U.S. and China is evident in Egypt, where Washington views Beijing as a key global rival. Despite political differences over Gaza and increasing Egyptian engagement with China, Cairo remains a critical security partner to the United States.
Gulf and Arab states are now diversifying their military partnerships beyond an exclusive reliance on the United States, especially under President Donald Trump’s administration. These countries see such partnerships not as a shift in policy but as their right to secure vital industries through multiple suppliers.
Egypt’s pursuit of arms diversification began after its 2014 coup under President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. He has pushed back against U.S. restrictions on upgrading Egyptian air force F-16 jets and expressed frustration over Washington’s stance on Israel’s war in Gaza and Trump’s “displacement” plan.
Cairo has shown public interest in Chinese fighter jets like the J-10 and newer J-35, potentially as alternatives to U.S. aircraft. In 2025, Egypt and China deepened their military ties with joint exercises and increased defense cooperation.
In response to reports that Iran might also seek Chinese jet fighters, Beijing stated it was ready to “share the achievements of its equipment development with friendly countries.”
Retired Egyptian army officer Sayed Ghoneim noted, “American companies are determined not to lose a buyer, especially when China offers closer ties.” A retired major general from Egypt’s air force, Hesham Elhalaby, added that military cooperation continues despite some political differences.
The U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency emphasized in July that the proposed sale would enhance Egypt’s ability to detect and counter various air threats, maintaining regional stability without altering the basic military balance.
In the coming months, Egypt and China may unveil more details about planned defense cooperation agreements following Chinese Premier Li Qiang’s official visit to Cairo in July.
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What is the primary reason for Egypt's pursuit of arms diversification according to the passage?
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